Abaspour Topraq Qaleh, A. (2022). Examining the effect of digital leadership and employees' digital skills on digital maturity. Proceedings of the 9th National Conference on Modern Studies and Research in Humanities, Management, and Entrepreneurship, Tehran, Iran. https://civilica.com/doc/1562307 [In Persian]
Abidi, M., Zolfaghari Zafarani, R., & Haghigi, M. (2024). Identifying and evaluating human resource competency components in the era of digital transformation. Management and Education Perspective, 6(2), 326–347. https://doi.org/10.22034/jmep.2024.428335.1288 [In Persian]
Adhim, MRF, & Suherman, E. (2024). Analysis of Employee Competencies on Employee Performance in the Digital Era. OPTIMAL Journal of Economics and Management, 4 (3), 95-108.
Audrin, B., Audrin, C., & Salamin, X. (2024). Digital skills at work – Conceptual development and empirical validation of a measurement scale.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 202, 123279.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123279
Babashahi, J., Yazdani, H., Tahmasbi, R., & Rajabpour, A. (2017). Designing a competency model for knowledge workers at the Research Institute of Petroleum Industry. Strategic Studies in Oil, Gas and Energy Industry, 8(32), 3–24. [In Persian]
Babashahi, J., Arabi, M., & Shafiei, M. (2020). Designing a competency model for digital marketing managers using thematic analysis. Journal of Modern Marketing Research, 10(4), 127–150. doi: 10.22108/nmrj.2020.120964.1992 [In Persian]
Barboutidis, G., & Stiakakis, E. (2023). Identifying the Factors to Enhance Digital Competence of Students at Vocational Training Institutes.
Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 28, 613-650.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-023-09641-1
Bariyyah, K. (2021). Problem solving skills: Essential skills challenges for the 21st century graduates.
Jurnal EDUCATIO: Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 7, 71.
https://doi.org/10.29210/120212843
Carretero, S., Vuorikari, R., & Punie, Y. (2017a).
DigComp 2.1. The digital competence framework for citizens with eight proficiency levels and examples of use. https://doi.org/10.2760/38842
Carretero, S., Vuorikari, R., & Punie, Y. (2017b). The digital competence framework for citizens. Publications Office of the European Union, 21(5), 222-235.
Chang, J., Jang, S., Lalonde, R., & Huq, S. (2022). Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process‐based risk priority number for risk assessments of commissioning process of a ring gantry LINAC.
Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 23. https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.13760
Cui, J. (2025). Exploring the impact of digital leadership and green digital innovation on corporate digital transformation. Journal of Current Social Issues Studies, 2(4), 215-220.
Espina-Romero, L., Chafloque-Céspedes, R., Izaguirre Olmedo, J., Albarran Taype, R., & Ochoa-Díaz, A. (2025). Driving digital transformation in Lima’s SMEs: Unveiling the role of digital competencies and organizational culture in business success. Administrative Sciences, 15(1), 19.
Espina-Romero, L., Ríos-Parra, D., Hurtado, H., Rodriguez, E., Arias-Montoya, F., Noroño Sánchez, J., Talavera-Aguirre, R., Corzo, J., & Vilchez Pirela, R. (2024). The role of digital transformation and digital competencies in organizational sustainability: A study of SMEs in Lima, Peru.
Sustainability, 16, 6993.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166993
Garini, R. A., & Muafi, M. (2023). The effect of digital competence, work life balance and work stress towards service performance with moderation of emotional intelligence on employees of PT. X. International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy, 5(2), 01-11.
Habibi, A., & Afridi, S. (2022). Multi-indicator decision making. Tehran: Naron Publications.
Inamorato dos Santos, A., Chinkes, E., Carvalho, M. A., Solórzano, C. M., & Marroni, L. S. (2023). The digital competence of academics in higher education: Is the glass half empty or half full? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 9.
Juhász, T., Kálmán, B., Tóth, A., & Horváth, A. (2022). Digital competence development in a few countries of the European Union. Management & Marketing, 17(2), 178-192.
Keshavarz, H., Norouzi, Y., & Hossein Norafrouz, A. (2019). *Workforce competencies based on digital transformation components and 21st-century skills: Requirements of digital universities*. Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Interactive Information Retrieval. https://civilica.com/doc/952721 [In Persian]
Kulju, E., Jarva, E., Oikarinen, A., Hammarén, M., Kanste, O., & Mikkonen, K. (2024). Educational interventions and their effects on healthcare professionals’ digital competence development: A systematic review.
International Journal of Medical Informatics, 185, 105396.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2024.105396
Livingstone, S., Mascheroni, G., & Stoilova, M. (2023). The outcomes of gaining digital skills for young people’s lives and wellbeing: A systematic evidence review. New Media & Society, 25(5), 1176-1202.
Masoumi, D., & Noroozi, O. (2023). Developing early career teachers’ professional digital competence: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Teacher Education, 1-23.
Mazurchenko, A., & Zelenka, M. (2022). Employees' digital competency development in the construction and automotive industrial sectors. Central European Business Review, 11(1), 41.
Nadeem, R., Singh, R., Patidar, A., Yusliza, M., Ramayah, T., & Azmi, F. T. (2025). Prioritizing determinants of employees' green behavior in the Indian hotel industry: An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy AHP approach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights.
Nasih, M., & Mansur, S. (2024). Digital transformation: The effect of learning management systems in developing employee digital competence: Study at a chemical company in Gresik.
Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis & Entrepreneurship, 18, 604-613.
https://doi.org/10.55208/z4bv1w35
Olaniyi, O. (2022). Digital skill and future of business education students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Educational Research (IJMCER), 4(1), 186-192.
Paoki, R. M., & Moedjahedy, J. (2023). Digital competence on the role of office workers: A systematic literature review. SEIKO: Journal of Management & Business, 6(2).
Pongsakdi, N., Kortelainen, A., & Veermans, M. (2021). The impact of digital pedagogy training on in-service teachers’ attitudes towards digital technologies. Education and Information Technologies, 26(5), 5041-5054.
Potemkin, V., & Rasskazova, O. (2020). Digital competence of employees and the value of human resources in the development strategy of enterprises. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.
Rajabpour, E., Fathi, M. R., & Torabi, M. (2022). Analysis of factors affecting the implementation of green human resource management using a hybrid fuzzy AHP and type-2 fuzzy DEMATEL approach.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19137-7
Reddy, P., Chaudhary, K., & Hussein, S. (2023). A digital literacy model to narrow the digital literacy skills gap. Heliyon, 9(4).
Rodriguez, D., Patel, R., Bright, A., Gregory, D., & Gowing, M. (2002). Developing competency models to promote integrated human resource practices.
Human Resource Management, 41, 309-324.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.10043
Salehi, S., Dehghani, M., Azimi Yancheshmeh, A., Javadipour, M., Salehi, K., & Naranji Sani, F. (2024). Identifying dimensions and components of teachers' digital competence: A systematic review. Curriculum Studies, 19(72), 121–146. doi: 10.22034/jcs.2024.188644 [In Persian]
Sánchez-Canut, S., Grimalt-Álvaro, C., Martínez-Requejo, S., & Lores-Gomez, B. (2023). Professional digital competence: Definition, frameworks, measurement, and gender differences: A systematic literature review.
Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2023, 1-22.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8897227
Sartika, M., Astuti, S. D., Chasanah, A. N., & Riyanto, F. (2023). Digital skills to improve work performance. International Journal of Accounting, Management, And Economics Research, 1(2), 33-40.
Sestino, A., Kahlawi, A., & De Mauro, A. (2025). Decoding the data economy: A literature review of its impact on business, society and digital transformation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 28(2), 298-323.
Shirazi, H. A. S. A. M. (2017). Clarifying the concept of "competency" in human resource management using a conceptual analysis approach. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Public Organization Management. [In Persian]
Soheili, F., Arezi, S., & Mohammadi, R. (2021). The relationship between digital competence and individual and contextual factors: A study of teachers in Sanandaj. Digital and Smart Libraries Research, 8(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.30473/mrs.2022.63945.1517 [In Persian]
van Laar, E., M., v. D. A. J. A., & van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2022). Developing policy aimed at 21st-century digital skills for the creative industries: An interview study with founders and managing directors.
Journal of Education and Work, 35(2), 195-209.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2022.2036710
Yulia Nur Fadilah, Mohammad Darul Fadli, U. ., & Rosmawati, E. . (2025). The Influence of Digital Competency on Digital Human Resources Transformation of Employees of the Department of Agriculture and Food Security of Karawang. Research in Management of Technology and Business, 6(2), 1059-1069.
Zarei, A., Mirzaei, M., & Sadeghi Fard, M. (2018). Presenting a model to explain the role of communication and problem-solving skills in preventing psychosocial harms with the mediating role of family conflicts. Culture of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 9(35), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.22054/qccpc.2018.28656.1737 [In Persian]
Zervas, I., & Triantari, S. (2025). Digital HRM Practices and Perceived Digital Competence: An Analysis of Organizational Culture’s Role. Digital, 5(3), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/digital5030034